Cells and Microscopy

Name the type of cell that has no nucleus.

Describe two differences between a bacterial cell and an animal cell.

Figure 1 shows a bacterial cell. Name the structures labelled A, B and C.

A bacterial cell is 2 µm long. Calculate how many of these cells, laid end to end, would stretch 1 mm.

The width of an animal cell is \(2 \times 10^{-5}\text{ m}\). The width of a bacterial cell is \(2 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}\). Calculate how many times wider the animal cell is, and give the difference as an order of magnitude.

Describe the structure of a bacterial cell.

Compare the structure of a bacterial cell with the structure of a plant cell.

Which type of cell has no nucleus?

1. AAnimal cell
2. BPlant cell
3. CBacterial cell
4. DYeast cell

What is a plasmid?

1. AThe part of a cell that makes energy
2. BA small ring of DNA in a bacterial cell
3. CA layer around the outside of a plant cell
4. DThe jelly-like part of a cell

Which structure is found in both bacterial cells and plant cells?

1. ANucleus
2. BChloroplast
3. CCell wall
4. DMitochondrion

How is the genetic material arranged in a bacterial cell?

1. AAs a single loop in the cytoplasm
2. BInside a nucleus
3. CInside a chloroplast
4. DIt has no genetic material

What is the value of 1 µm in metres?

1. A\(1 \times 10^{-3}\text{ m}\)
2. B\(1 \times 10^{-9}\text{ m}\)
3. C\(1 \times 10^{6}\text{ m}\)
4. D\(1 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}\)

One cell is 1000 times wider than another. How many orders of magnitude bigger is it?

1. A1
2. B2
3. C3
4. D1000

Which of these is the smallest?

1. AA bacterium
2. BA virus
3. CAn animal cell
4. DA plant cell

Which organisms are made of prokaryotic cells?

1. ABacteria
2. BFungi
3. CPlants
4. DAnimals

State the function of the nucleus.

State two structures that are found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

Figure 1 shows a plant cell. Name the structures labelled A, B, C and D.

Muscle cells contain many mitochondria. Explain why.

Palisade cells in a leaf contain many chloroplasts. Explain why.

Describe the functions of the cell membrane, the cytoplasm, the cell wall and the ribosomes.

Compare the structure of an animal cell with the structure of a plant cell.

Which structure is the site of aerobic respiration?

1. ANucleus
2. BMitochondrion
3. CRibosome
4. DChloroplast

Which structure makes proteins?

1. AMitochondrion
2. BCell membrane
3. CRibosome
4. DPermanent vacuole

Which of these is found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell?

1. AMitochondria
2. BNucleus
3. CCell membrane
4. DChloroplast

What is the cell wall of a plant cell made from?

1. ACellulose
2. BProtein
3. CChlorophyll
4. DCell sap

Why do root cells not have chloroplasts?

1. ARoots do not need energy
2. BRoots are made of animal cells
3. CThere is no light underground for photosynthesis
4. DChloroplasts only work in the dark

What is the permanent vacuole filled with?

1. AChlorophyll
2. BCell sap
3. CCytoplasm
4. DCellulose

A cell needs to release a great deal of energy. Which structure would you expect it to contain a lot of?

1. AMitochondria
2. BChloroplasts
3. CPermanent vacuoles
4. DCell walls

Which statement about mitochondria is correct?

1. AThey make energy from nothing
2. BThey are found only in plant cells
3. CThey absorb light
4. DThey release energy by aerobic respiration

State the formula used to calculate magnification.

Give two advantages of using an electron microscope instead of a light microscope.

Figure 1 shows a drawing of a cell. The magnification is ×1500. Calculate the real width of the cell. Give your answer in micrometres.

A student looks at a slide using a ×10 eyepiece lens and a ×40 objective lens. Calculate the total magnification, and name the wheel the student should use to make the image sharp.

Describe how to use a light microscope to look at a slide of onion cells.

Explain how electron microscopy has increased our understanding of sub-cellular structures.

An electron micrograph shows a chloroplast that is 25 mm long. The real chloroplast is 5 µm long. Calculate the magnification. Give your answer in standard form.

A ribosome is 25 nm across. In an electron micrograph the image of the ribosome is 5 mm across. Calculate the magnification. Give your answer in standard form.

What does magnification tell you?

1. AHow clearly two points can be told apart
2. BHow many times bigger the image is than the real object
3. CHow bright the image is
4. DHow fast the specimen is moving

Which microscope has the higher resolution?

1. AA light microscope
2. BThey are the same
3. CAn electron microscope
4. DA magnifying glass

A cell is 2 mm wide in a drawing. The real cell is 0.02 mm wide. What is the magnification?

1. A×0.01
2. B×10
3. C×40
4. D×100

Which of these can a light microscope show?

1. AA chloroplast
2. BA ribosome
3. CA plasmid
4. DThe folds inside a mitochondrion

Which lens should you use first when focusing a specimen?

1. AThe highest power objective lens
2. BThe lowest power objective lens
3. CThe eyepiece lens only
4. DAny lens, because they are the same

How many micrometres are there in 1 mm?

1. A10
2. B100
3. C1000
4. D1 000 000

A drawing shows a cell as 45 mm wide. The cell is really 15 µm wide. What is the magnification?

1. A×3
2. B×30
3. C×300
4. D×3000

An image is 6 mm wide and the magnification is ×200. What is the real width?

1. A3 µm
2. B30 µm
3. C300 µm
4. D1200 µm

Give two ways in which a sperm cell is adapted to its function.

Figure 1 shows a sperm cell. Name the structures labelled A, B and C.

Muscle cells contain many mitochondria. Explain why this adaptation helps them to do their job.

Describe how a root hair cell is adapted to its function.

Describe how xylem vessels are adapted to carry water up a plant.

Explain how the structure of a nerve cell is related to its function.

Explain why differentiation is important in a multicellular organism.

Compare differentiation in mature animals with differentiation in plants.

What is differentiation?

1. AThe death of a cell
2. BA cell making a copy of itself
3. CA cell changing to become specialised
4. DA cell moving to a new place

Which part of a sperm cell contains enzymes to digest the egg's outer layer?

1. AThe tail
2. BThe acrosome
3. CThe middle section
4. DThe nucleus

Why does a nerve cell have a long axon?

1. ATo carry impulses over long distances
2. BTo store food
3. CTo absorb water
4. DTo release energy

Which cell contains special protein fibres that slide over each other?

1. ASperm cell
2. BNerve cell
3. CRoot hair cell
4. DMuscle cell

How does the shape of a root hair cell help it?

1. AIt lets the cell swim
2. BIt gives a large surface area for absorption
3. CIt carries impulses
4. DIt makes food by photosynthesis

Which tissue carries dissolved sugars around a plant?

1. AXylem
2. BRoot hair
3. CPhloem
4. DPalisade

Why is xylem strengthened with lignin?

1. ATo stop the tube collapsing
2. BTo store sugar
3. CTo release energy
4. DTo absorb light

Which of these is the correct order of organisation, smallest first?

1. AOrgan, cell, tissue, organ system
2. BTissue, cell, organ, organ system
3. CCell, organ, tissue, organ system
4. DCell, tissue, organ, organ system