6.21 Cloning plants and animals
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Give two advantages of producing plants by tissue culture.
Mark scheme
Any two from:
- many plants produced quickly (1)
- genetically identical / plants have the desired characteristics (1)
- preserve rare species (1)
- little space needed / all year (1)
Model answer
Many identical plants can be produced quickly, and rare species can be preserved.
Describe how adult cell cloning is carried out.
Mark scheme
- nucleus removed from an (unfertilised) egg cell (1)
- nucleus from an adult body cell inserted into the egg (1)
- electric shock stimulates the egg to divide / form an embryo (1)
- embryo inserted into the womb of a (host) female (1)
Model answer
The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. The nucleus from an adult body cell is put into the empty egg. An electric shock makes it divide to form an embryo, which is placed in the womb of a host mother.
In adult cell cloning, the body cell came from sheep B, the egg from sheep A and the surrogate mother was sheep C.
Which sheep is the lamb a clone of? Explain your answer.
Mark scheme
- sheep B (1)
- the lamb has the nucleus / DNA / genetic information from B's body cell (1)
Model answer
Sheep B, because the lamb's genetic information comes from the nucleus of B's body cell.
Describe how embryo transplants are used to produce cloned cattle.
Mark scheme
- cells split apart from an embryo before they are specialised (1)
- identical embryos transplanted into host mothers (1)
Model answer
Cells are split apart from an early embryo before they specialise, and each identical embryo is put into a host mother.
Give one risk of cloning animals.
Mark scheme
reduces variation / disease could affect all / clones may be unhealthy or age faster / ethical concerns
Model answer
It reduces variation, so a new disease could kill all the clones.
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