6.12 The Human Genome Project
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What did the Human Genome Project do?
Mark scheme
worked out / sequenced the order of all the bases in human DNA / identified all human genes
Model answer
It worked out the order of all the bases in human DNA and found where the genes are.
Give two ways that knowing the human genome is useful in medicine.
Mark scheme
Any two from:
- finding alleles / genes linked to disease (1)
- genetic testing for disease risk (1)
- personalised medicine / choosing drugs to suit genotype (1)
- developing new treatments / gene therapy (1)
Model answer
Finding the alleles linked to diseases, and choosing drugs that suit a patient's genotype.
A woman is told she has an allele that increases her risk of breast cancer. Explain how this information could help her.
Mark scheme
- more frequent screening / check-ups so cancer found early (1)
- can make lifestyle changes / choose preventive treatment (1)
Model answer
She could have more frequent check-ups, so any cancer is found early, and she could choose preventive treatment or change her lifestyle to lower the risk.
Give two concerns about genetic testing.
Mark scheme
Any two from:
- causes worry / risk is not certain (1)
- may be used by insurers / employers (1)
- expensive (1)
- false results (1)
Model answer
It may cause worry, because a higher risk does not mean the person will get the disease, and insurers might use the results unfairly.
What is meant by personalised medicine?
Mark scheme
choosing treatment / drugs to suit a person's genotype / genes
Model answer
Choosing a drug and dose to suit a person's genotype.
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