6.18 Human evolution: fossils and stone tools
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Put these fossils in order from oldest to youngest: Lucy, Turkana Boy, Ardi.
Mark scheme
Ardi, Lucy, Turkana Boy
Model answer
Ardi (4.4 million years), Lucy (3.2 million years), Turkana Boy (1.6 million years).
Describe two trends shown by hominid fossils over time.
Mark scheme
Any two from:
- brain size increases (1)
- more upright walking (1)
- arms shorter relative to legs / taller (1)
Model answer
Brain size increases, and the skeleton shows more upright walking.
Who led the team that discovered Turkana Boy?
Mark scheme
(Richard) Leakey
Model answer
Richard Leakey.
Explain how scientists date stone tools found in rock.
Mark scheme
- by the rock layer / stratum they are found in (1)
- deeper layers are older / radioactive dating of volcanic layers (1)
Model answer
They look at the rock layer the tools are in: deeper layers are older. They can also date volcanic rock layers above and below the tools.
Explain how the pentadactyl limb provides evidence for evolution.
Mark scheme
- many vertebrates have the same (five-digit) bone pattern (1)
- suggests they evolved from a common ancestor (1)
Model answer
Many different vertebrates have limbs with the same five-digit pattern of bones, even though they are used differently, which suggests they all evolved from a common ancestor.
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