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2. Bonding, structure and the properties of matter

Chemical bonds

4 lessons
2.1 Ionic bonding How metal atoms lose electrons and non-metal atoms gain electrons to form ions with full outer shells, drawing dot and cross diagrams for ionic compounds, and working out the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in ions. AQA Edexcel OCR 2.2 Ionic compounds and their formulae The structure of ionic compounds as giant lattices held by strong electrostatic forces, the strengths and limitations of lattice models, working out formulae from the charges on ions, and the -ide and -ate endings. AQA Edexcel OCR 2.3 Covalent bonding How non-metal atoms share pairs of electrons to form covalent bonds, dot and cross diagrams and displayed formulae for common simple molecules, single, double and triple bonds, and the strengths and limitations of each way of representing a molecule. AQA Edexcel OCR 2.4 Metallic bonding and the properties of metals Metallic bonding as positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons, how it explains the high melting points, conductivity and malleability of metals, and why alloys are harder than pure metals. AQA Edexcel OCR

Structure and properties

6 lessons
2.5 States of matter and the particle model The arrangement, movement and energy of particles in solids, liquids and gases, the names of changes of state, predicting states from melting and boiling points, state symbols, and the limitations of the particle model. AQA Edexcel OCR 2.6 Properties of ionic compounds Why ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points, why they conduct electricity when molten or dissolved but not when solid, and how these properties come from their giant ionic lattice structure. AQA Edexcel OCR 2.7 Simple molecules and polymers Why simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points and do not conduct electricity, how intermolecular forces increase with the size of molecules, and the structure and properties of polymers such as poly(ethene). AQA Edexcel OCR 2.8 Giant covalent structures: diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide The structures of diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide, why giant covalent substances have very high melting points, why diamond is hard and graphite is soft and conducts electricity, and how these properties match their uses. AQA Edexcel OCR 2.9 Graphene and fullerenes The structure and properties of graphene, buckminsterfullerene and carbon nanotubes, how their bonding explains their strength and conductivity, and their uses. AQA Edexcel OCR 2.10 Nanoparticles The size of nanoparticles compared with atoms and fine and coarse particles, why their high surface area to volume ratio gives them different properties, their uses, and their possible risks. Separate only AQA Edexcel OCR